Electronic components are integral parts of machines, instruments, electrical appliances, and smart devices. It is often composed of several parts and can be used in common products of the same kind; It often refers to certain parts in industries such as electrical appliances, radios, and instruments. It is a general term for electronic devices such as capacitors, transistors, hairsprings, and springs. The common ones are diodes, triodes, etc.
Electronic components include: Resistors, capacitors, inductors, potentiometers, electron tubes, heat sinks, electromechanical components, connectors, semiconductor discrete devices, electroacoustic devices, laser devices, electronic display devices, optoelectronic devices, sensors, power supplies, switches, micro motors, electronic transformers , relays, printed circuit boards, integrated circuits, various circuits, piezoelectric, crystal, quartz, ceramic magnetic materials, substrate substrates for printed circuits, special materials for electronic functional processes, electronic glue (tape) products, electronic chemical materials and Parts, etc.
History of electronic components
The development history of electronic components is actually a condensed history of electronic innovation. Electronic technology is an emerging technology developed at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. In the 20th century, it developed the fastest and was the most widely used, becoming an important symbol of the development of modern science and technology.
In 1906, the American inventor De Forest Lee invented the vacuum triode (electron tube). The first generation of electronic products centered on the electron tube. At the end of the 1940s, the first semiconductor triode was born in the world. With the characteristics of small size, light weight, power saving, and long life, it was quickly used by various countries and replaced electronic tubes in a wide range. In the late 1950s, the first integrated circuit appeared in the world, which integrated many transistors and other electronic components on a silicon chip, making electronic products more miniaturized. The rapid development of integrated circuits from small-scale integrated circuits to large-scale integrated circuits and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits has made electronic products develop in the direction of high efficiency, low energy consumption, high precision, high stability, and intelligence. Because the four stages experienced by the development of electronic computers can fully explain the characteristics of the four stages of electronic technology development. Therefore, the following describes the characteristics of the four stages of electronic technology development from the four eras of electronic computer development.
The electronic components industry that emerged and developed rapidly in the 20th century has brought about earth-shaking changes in the whole world and people's work and living habits. The development history of electronic components is actually the development history of the electronics industry.
In 1906, the American De Forest invented the vacuum triode, which was used to amplify the sound current of the telephone. Since then, there has been a strong expectation for the birth of a solid-state device as a lightweight, inexpensive, and long-lived amplifier and electronic switch.
In 1947, the birth of the point-contact germanium transistor opened a new page in the development history of electronic devices. However, there is an Achilles' heel in the structure of this point-contact transistor, which is that the contact point is unstable. While the point contact transistor was successfully developed, the junction transistor theory was proposed. But until people can prepare ultra-high-purity single crystals and can control the conductivity type of crystals arbitrarily, junction transistor materials can really appear.
In 1950, the earliest germanium alloy transistor with practical value was born.
In 1954, the junction silicon transistor was born. Since then, the idea of field effect transistors has been proposed. With the emergence and development of material technologies such as defect-free crystallization and defect control, crystal epigenetic growth technology and diffusion doping technology, preparation of voltage-resistant oxide film, corrosion and photolithography technology, electronic devices with excellent performance have emerged one after another. Electronic components have gradually entered the era of transistors and large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits from the era of vacuum tubes. Gradually form the semiconductor industry as a representative of high-tech industries.
Due to the needs of social development, electronic devices are becoming more and more complex, which requires that the electronic devices must have the characteristics of reliability, high speed, low power consumption, light weight, miniaturization, and low cost. Since the idea of integrated circuits was proposed in the 1950s, the first generation of integrated circuits was successfully developed in the 1960s due to the advancement of comprehensive technologies such as material technology, device technology, and circuit design. in the history of semiconductor development. The emergence of integrated circuits has epoch-making significance: Its birth and development have promoted the progress of copper core technology and computers, and made historic changes in various fields of scientific research and the structure of industrial society. The integrated circuit invented by virtue of superior science and technology has given researchers more advanced tools, which in turn has produced many more advanced technologies. These advanced technologies have further promoted the emergence of higher performance and cheaper integrated circuits. For electronic devices, the smaller the volume, the higher the integration; The shorter the response time, the faster the calculation processing; The higher the transmission frequency, the greater the amount of information transmitted. The semiconductor industry and semiconductor technology are known as the foundation of modern industry, and have also developed into a relatively independent high-tech industry.
Classification of electronic components
In order to maintain the stability of electronic components, they are usually packaged with synthetic resin (Resin dispensing) to improve insulation and protect them from environmental influences.
Components may be passive or active:
Passive components are electronic components that do not have any gain or directionality when used. In Network analysis, they are called Electrical elements.
Active components are electronic components that have gain or directionality when used, as opposed to passive components that do not. They include semiconductor devices and vacuum tubes.
Terminals and Connectors
device for circuit connection
Terminal
Electronic connector (Connector)
Signal socket (Socket)
Terminal block (Screw terminal, Terminal Blocks)
Signal connector (Header)
electric wire
Wires with connectors or terminals at the end
Power cord
Cord (Patch cord)
Oscilloscope probe (Test lead)
switch
An electronic component capable of controlling the opening or closing of a circuit
Switch - A manually operated switch
Keypad - A collection of button switches (such as a numeric keypad)
Relay - A switch operated by an electric current. It is an electromagnetic component, which is different from the solid state relay (Solid State Relay).
Electromagnetic switch
Thermostat (Thermostat) - temperature-actuated switch
Circuit Break - a switch actuated by an overcurrent
Limit Switch - Mechanical Start Switch
Mercury Switch
Centrifugal Switch
Resistor
Resistive electronic components
See resistors in the "Sensor" paragraph below for ambient sensing
See Resistors in the Paragraph "Protective Devices" below to limit current or voltage
Resistor - fixed resistance value
Resistor Network
Trimmers - small variable resistors
Varistor - variable resistance value
Heater - Heating Element
Resistance Wire - a wire of high resistance material, similar to a heating element
Thermistor (Thermistor) - temperature changes resistance value
Varistor (Varistor) - variable voltage resistor
protective device
Passive components that protect circuits from excessive voltage or current
While these components, technically in the wire, resistor or vacuum tube category, are listed below according to their purpose.
Active components, in the semiconductor category, perform protection functions, as follows.
Metal Oxide Varistors, Surge Suppressors (MOV) - Overvoltage protection, these are passive components, not like TVS
Inrush current limiter - avoid damage from inrush current
Gas Discharge Tube
Circuit Breaker - switch actuated by overcurrent
Thermal Realy - Overcurrent actuated switch
Ground Leakage Protected Socket (GFCI) or RCD
capacitance
An element that stores charge in an electric field. Capacitors are used in circuits for filtering. Capacitors generally change the AC voltage across them without changing the constant DC voltage.
Capacitor - fixed capacitance
Capacitor network
Variable capacitor - Capacitance that can be changed
Varicap diode - a diode that can change capacitance
Electromagnetic induction device
Electronic components using magnets
Inductor
Variable Inductor
Transformer
Motor / Generator
Solenoid
Speaker / Microphone
Memristor
Piezoelectric devices, crystal resonators
Passive components using the piezoelectric effect
Crystal Oscillator
Ultrasonic Motor - an electric motor that uses the piezoelectric effect
power supply
power source
Battery
Fuel cell - A device that uses fuel for a chemical reaction to generate electricity
Power supply
Solar cell (Photo voltaic device)
Electrical generator
sensor
Loudspeaker
Accelerometer
Thermocouple (Thermocouple), thermopile (thermopile)
Thermistor
Resistance Thermometer (Resistance Temperature Detector, RTD)
Bolometer
Magnetic field
Humidity
Hygrometer
Photoresistor
solid state electronic components
This type of electronic component is capable of controlling the direction of current flow in one direction.
Diode, Rectifier, Bridge Rectifier
Schottky Diode
Zener Diode
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Laser Diode (LASER Diode)
Photodiode
Solar cell
Avalanche Photodiode
Constant Current Diode (Constant Current Diode, Current Regulative Diode (CRD), or Current Limiting Diode): It looks like a diode and has unidirectional conduction characteristics, but the internal structure is actually connected by FET.
transistor
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - NPN or PNP
HJBT
Darlington transistor - NPN or PNP
Field effect transistor (Field effect transistor, FET)
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) - N-Channel or P-Channel
Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET)
High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs)
Thyristor
Unijunction transistor (UJT, Unijunction transistor)
Programmable UniJunction Transistor (PUT, Programmable UniJunction Transistor)
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
integrated circuit
Digital integrated circuit (Digital circuit)
Analog circuit
Hall effect sensor
Hybrid Circuit
Optoelectronics
Photocoupler (Opto-isolator|Opto-Isolator, Opto-Coupler, Photo-Coupler)
LED Display - Seven-segment display, Sixteen-segment display, Dot-matrix display
display technology
Incandescent lamp (Filament lamp)
Vacuum fluorescent display (Vacuum fluorescent display, VFD, preformed characters, seven-segment digital tube, starburst)
Cathode ray tube (Cathode ray tube, CRT) (dot matrixscan (eg CRT monitor), radial scan (eg radar), arbitrary scan (eg oscilloscope)) (monochrome & color)
Neon lamp - use Neon
Plasma display
Nixie Tube
Magic eye tube
vacuum tube
Active components that operate in a vacuum
Diode vacuum tube (Diode)
Triode vacuum tube (Triode)
Tetrode
Pentode
Hexode (Hexode)
Pentagrid Converter
Octode
Barretter
Small seismic tube (Nuvistor)
Small electron tube (Compactron)
Microwave
Kelvin
Magnetron
Optical
Photodiode
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
Photomultiplier tube (Photomultiplier)
X-ray tube
components
Multiple electronic components are assembled together as a single
oscillator
display screen
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
head mounted display
Electronic filter (Filter)
Antennas
Dipole antenna
Biconical antenna
Yagi antenna
Phased array antenna (Phased array)
Magnetic dipole antenna (Magnetic dipole)
Parabolic dish
Horn Antenna (Feedhorn)